Social Welfare Policies During The Transition Countries Of...

Since graduation from National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, I have gained considerable research experience in Public finance and management. Specifically, I am interested in study of social welfare policies in transition countries of central Asia. I am concerned with the status of vulnerable groups of population-particularly, the aged, women, children, the disabled, and the poor. In most transition countries, the political and economic collapse of 90s had the devastating effects on the certain groups of population. The sharp decline in size of the government has greatly affected and in some sense triggered the transformation of the scope of social welfare policies. Most Eastern and Central European countries have diminished the scope social welfare policies in harmonized and planned way. Instead of diluting the resources and efforts on multiple goals and supporting them in a sickly manner they focused on a selected public products, projects and programs. Subsequently, quality of social welfare programs has not suffered much. In contrast, governments across Central Asia cut the public expenditures on social welfare in incoherent manner. Half-financed public health care and pension systems, child care and early education institutions, unemployment and disability subsidies have barely survived. Besides, economic reforms in these countries proceeded with much greater hardships; consequently, benefit payments have been negligible and social welfare policy in mostShow MoreRelated International Relations of Asia Essay4776 Words   |  20 Pages International Relations of Asia STRATEGIC GEOMETRY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is the only region in the world where so many combinations and permutations of two- three and four- and even two plus four or three plus three- power games can be played on the regional chessboard with all their complexities and variations. introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of strategic geometry comprises the notion that that the interactions and interconnections between a number of political actors within a particular systemRead MoreEssay on Capitalism Vs. 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Lessons Learned From Socrates Plato s The Apology

Three Lessons Learned From Socrates (Three Points Learned From Socrates in Plato’s â€Å"The Apology†) In the year of 399 BCE, the philosopher Socrates was put on trial for two things, being an atheist and corrupting the youth. Both of these charges were because of false accusations of people who were insulted by Socrates’ intelligence. Socrates’ argument or defense against the charges while he is on trial is written by Plato, Socrates’ student, as â€Å"The Apology.† During Socrates’ trial, he argued that he was not wise, but explained why he was considered wise by so many others, including the gods. Socrates says he will not admit to something that he did not do because he will not purposely condemn himself to death by lies, but he believes if he had had enough time to convince the jury he was innocent of his charges they would believe him. Once the jury votes for Socrates to be put to death, he speaks about death and how he has been caught by death, but the jurors have been caught by wickedness to condemn an innocent man to death. But then he goes on to say that he has nothing to live because his soul will live on. While reading Plato’s account of Socrates’ defense, â€Å"The Apology,† I learned that it is most important to find logic in anything you do not understand at first, stand by what you say, and to not fear death. From reading Plato’s â€Å"The Apology,† I learned from Socrates to always find logic in something that you do not understand at first and also, to thrive in findingShow MoreRelatedThe Qualities Of Becoming Wise Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch more than just experience, knowledge, and judgement. There are literally thousands of interpretations for what truly is wisdom and what those aspects are and I will boil those down to the main aspects to what I think makes someone truly wise. Socrates also investigates this question of wisdom incredibly deep and tries to understand what wisdom truly means. He even makes substantial efforts to consults poets, artisans, and politicians to conclude that in reality, no man is truly wise, not even

Are Wars Necessary Free Essays

Are Wars Necessary? I think, there are quite few people who actually believe that the war is something good, wholesome and useful. It is and has always been one of the worst and most disgusting, destructive events that can happen. But it is to the same degree wrong to accuse it of all the deadly sins existing in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Wars Necessary? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although war is always evil, sometimes it is the lesser evil, in some cases it is inevitable. I, of course, don’t support the idea that the war is necessary in socio-economical sense – there is such a point of view, stating that the war is the motive power of progress and effective method of keeping demographic situation stable. Of course, some inventions were first applied in military, but also because this research has always been better supplied. And, although a lot of people die in the course of wars, it is not enough to really influence demographics, especially nowadays. I am speaking about the war as the conflict of interests and state that yes, in certain situations war is necessary and even turns out into a thing to be proud of. War may be offensive and defensive and, just like in the case of self-defense, in the event of armed attack from another country any kind of violence used in retaliation is acceptable, because any other course of action will mean suicide. Looking at the same analogy, there is no much difference between a country attacking another country from a mugger on the street. The fact that the offenders are numerous, wear uniforms and deliver speeches makes absolutely no difference. Read more: http://www. paperwritings. com/free-examples/essay-about-war. html#ixzz2DxD5bCkQ How to cite Are Wars Necessary?, Essay examples

Integrating Marketing Communications and Satisfaction

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Marketing Communications and Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction A place like Bangkok, which depends on tourism entirely, has the best class of hospitality and hotel industries globally. Most of the hotels are of good quality and above the average level. Hotels such as the holiday Inn that is located at Gaysorn Plaza and Sheraton Group of Hotels are some of the excellent hotels that have grown in the country due to the demands of the tourists. One of the leading competitors to this is the St. Regis Hotel, which is affiliated to the Minor International Public Company Limited (Suwanamas, Trimetsoontom and Fongsuwan, 2015). The hotel is situated on Rajadamri Road, which is at the center of the city, is 47 stories high, and stands tall over the skyline of the city. It is designed by the famous Brennan Beer Gorman Architects and comprises of 227 guestrooms, which includes 51 suites and 53 residences which serves luxury amenities and undoubtedly the best dining platter that sets it apart from all other competitors (The St. Regis Bangkok | Official Website | Best Rates, Guaranteed., 2017). The hotel offers the first butler service and includes the Elemis Spa and the restaurant by the name of ZUMA, which is the only one in Thailand. The size of the rooms range from 45 to 250 square meters and is designed exquisitely, which offers a relaxing mood from the urban society pace. The windows offer a view of the entire skyline of the city and also the parks and the golf courses that the company has for itself. The hotel also takes pride in the butler system, which is available all the time for the service of the gu ests (Penner, Adams and Rutes, 2013). The main aim of this project is to see the marketing strategies of the hotel and the methods of advertising that the company has chosen in order to attract more customers in Thailand. It will also take in to account the butler service that is unique to this hotel chain. Aim and Objectives The main aim of this research is as follows: To understand the marketing strategy of the hotel To determine the advertising methods of the hotel The necessary steps that are followed to ensure the success of the butler service The following will be the research questions for this proposal: What are the marketing methods that the company applies? How does the butler service operate in the hotel? Meaning of Marketing Marketing is defined as the process through which products and services are delivered to the customers. It includes the development of the product or the service, the price at which it will be available in the market, the medium through which it will reach the customer and the implementation of the marketing strategy (Batra and Keller, 2016). Marketing strategy is defined as the process, which is aimed to increase the revenue and the share of the company in the market. The strategies help to set certain actions, which will directly be of benefit the company to meet their goals. The marketing strategies take three of the most important elements in the account. It helps the firm to understand the customers to which the products are aimed at. The means through which the customers can have a prior knowledge of the products that is available in the market and the methods to build a strong customer base (Kotler et al., 2015). The St. Regis Hotel Concept The luxury hotel applies many ways to promote their brand and image. It does not take in to consideration any mass gathering as their method of advertising because the consumers they target are different from the others (Agmapisam, 2014). The marketing strategy applied by the hotel is in two divisions: Newspapers- The Company targets papers such as the Bangkok Post, The Nation and Post today as their medium through print media. The promotion that the hotel does in these papers is limited to the food and beverages section. It is seen that the target consumers are mainly the educated, business and corporate groups (Miranda, Rubio and Chamorro, 2014). Magazines- The Company gives ads in magazines like I Do Magazine, WE Magazine, Wedding Creation and Honeymoon Travel magazines to target the customers who are getting married and corporate houses that are looking for a place of meeting or conference. They also give ads in the Gourmet and Cuisine Magazines, Food Stylist etc., to target people who have an acquired taste in dining outside (Bradic, Kosar and Kalenjuk, 2013). Online Marketing The hotel has their own Facebook page and their personal fan page where people are constantly updated with the daily happening of the company such as the promotions, the upcoming social events that are undertaken by the company and the dishes that the cooks prepare are all photographed and posted in the website to arouse the interest of the people. Use of E-Flyer- These are given to the guests or kept in the rooms of the guests so that they are aware of the conference packages and the other packages that the company provides to their clients (Chen and Huang 2014). Use of E-Newsletter- The company uses this media every month to promote their brand among the people. St. Regis keeps a professional team for this letter formation specially (Arvidsson and Niessen, 2015). Butler Service The company takes pride in their hundred years plus experience in the butler service. The company takes care of its clients through the butlers who look after each need of the customers. The service is customized, diplomatic and looks forward to all the attention that is required by the customers at all possible times. Some of the activities that the butler undertakes are the packing and the unpacking of the luggage that the customer brings while travelling (St. Regis Butler, 2017). They do that so that the customer does not have to take the headache of these hassles and can have a relaxing holiday. Even for an evening meeting, the butlers press and iron the clothes that the customers desire to wear. The company also offers the eButler service whether the customer stays at the hotel or just outside that. The customer needs to send a mail and the service desk will take a prompt action (Travel.cnn.com, 2017). Research Methodology It is the systematic and organized way in how to proceed with the proposal. It involves the type through which the researcher wants to go ahead with the research process. It helps the researcher to identify the different techniques that are available to conduct the research. There are three types of investigation that is taken in a research proposal, namely: Exploratory Descriptive Hypothesis For this research, the descriptive type of investigation has been taken in to account as the datas that are present previously. The collection of data method means the ways in which datas can be collected. It consists of two types, primary and secondary. The primary data are the ones that deals with the questions and answers and the interviews that are conducted by the researcher to complete the research. The secondary source is where the researcher takes help from the books, journals, the articles that are available, and all the necessary documents that are available and needed to complete the research process. Method Chosen for this proposal For this research, the researcher has chosen the secondary type of data collection, as there are many articles that are present in the form of journals, web pages and books. Most of the datas that are available are recent and shows the present situation of the St. Regis Hotel in Bangkok. Based on these datas, the analysis will be provided along with the recommendation list that may be required in the future. The major research portion will depend on the secondary data type, but the researcher may use the primary source if it is necessary. The researcher may face difficulties to some extent in order to access the information that is required and the facts may sometimes be manipulated and can be incorrect. These hindrances are taken in to account while the research is being conducted. While undergoing the research process, the researcher needs to maintain certain restrictions and should not disobey that throughout the process of research. According to the Data Protection Act, 1998, the work that is not published yet by the researcher has to maintain some privacy. If the researcher does not follow that then it will be considered as a breach of the Act and will be liable for the breach of the issues relating to ethics. There are two types of analysis, which are: Quantitative Data Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis The researcher has chosen qualitative type of analysis for this research as there are no numerical or mathematical calculations in the process. In order to conduct a research, the main problem of the researcher is mainly due to time and budget. The less time and the inadequate budget are the limitations of this research. Reference List Agmapisarn, C., 2014. A hedonic pricing analysis of hotel room rates in Bangkok.ABAC Journal,34(2), pp.1-17. Arvidsson, A. and Niessen, B., 2015. Creative mass. Consumption, creativity and innovation on Bangkok's fashion markets.Consumption Markets Culture,18(2), pp.111-132. Arvidsson, A. and Niessen, B., 2015. Creative mass. Consumption, creativity and innovation on Bangkok's fashion markets.Consumption Markets Culture,18(2), pp.111-132. Batra, R. and Keller, K.L., 2016. Integrating Marketing Communications: New Findings, New Lessons, and New Ideas.Journal of Marketing,80(6), pp.122-145. Bradi?, M., Kosar, L. and Kalenjuk, B., 2013. Business Guests Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry: A Case Study of North American Hotel Chains. Chen, P.H. and Huang, T.W., 2014. Judicial Standard for the Well-Knownness of Trademarks in the Hotel Industry under the Case Law of the Taiwan Intellectual Property Court.NTUT Journal of Intellectual Property Law Management,3(2), pp.164-177. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Miranda, F.J., Rubio, S. and Chamorro, A., 2014. An Assessment Methodology for Hotel Websites: Application to the Top 10 Cities.Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, p.284. Penner, R.H., Adams, L. and Rutes, W., 2013.Hotel design, planning and development. Routledge. St. Regis Butler. (2017). St. Regis Butler. [online] Available at: https://stregisbutlerservice.com/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Suwanamas, C., Trimetsoontorn, J. and Fongsuwan, W., 2015. The effect of perceived service quality on customer emotions, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: a PLS-SEM approach towards a luxury hotel in Bangkok, Thailand.Journal for Global Business Advancement,8(4), pp.374-398. The St. Regis Bangkok | Official Website | Best Rates, Guaranteed. (2017). The St. Regis Bangkok | Bangkok Luxury 5 Star Hotel. [online] Available at: https://www.stregisbangkok.com/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017]. Travel.cnn.com. (2017). 7 reasons to check into Bangkok's St. Regis hotel | CNN Travel. [online] Available at: https://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/visit/7-reasons-check-out-bangkoks-new-st-regis-hotel-954169/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2017].

Workplace Motivation free essay sample

Employee motivation in the workplace is a major factor in helping a company to run smoothly. If employees are not motivated to perform to the best of their abilities the company could easily lose clients or take the company to the brink of bankruptcy. This paper will examine how various motivational strategies affect productivity at South Point Apartment Complex in Corpus Christi, Texas. The following paper will then identify and analyze the implications of applying two motivational theories that are not currently in practice at South Point Apartments and show how these motivational theories could impact both the management staff and the employees. Motivational Theories The employees at South Point apartment complex are a very unproductive team. McGregor’s Theory X is could easily be applied to this company. When looking for the leasing agent to show an apartment, she was nowhere to be found. Usually using the excuse she was checking on the empty apartments; making sure they were ready to rent. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to McGregor’s Theory X, people will try to avoid working at every chance they get. McGregor also believed humans have no desire for responsibility and need to be directed by others to complete the job. The apartment manager spent most of her time looking for the leasing agent, so she could give her specific instructions on what needed to be done. After receiving the specific instructions, the leasing agent would then complete the task with no problem. McGregor’s Theory X also stated people have little ability for being able to solve organizational problems (Pojidaeff, 1995). This also holds true for the staff at South Point. If a problem arises with one of the residents, no one knew what to do. The staff would literally pass the buck to someone else, then that person would do the same. Nothing was ever accomplished by the first person the problem was brought up to. Theory X also states, people do not like to change and they are gullible and unintelligent. Corporate for South Point finally realize their complex was going under due to the employees lack of motivation. Essentially, theory x assumes that the primary source of most employee motivation is monetary, with security as a strong second† (Pojidaeff, 1995, p. 5). South Point was not a high paying apartment complex so most employees were working for minimum wage. They did not have the extrinsic motivation which was needed for a job well done. Eventually South Point Apartment Complex started offering bonuses to the employees, vacations, and an increase in pay to the employees that were motivated to do their job correctly the first time. Motivational Theories for South Point Locke’s Goal-setting theory would greatly improve the employee motivation at South Point Apartments. â€Å"Goal-setting theory is one of the most accepted, most valid, and most useful of the motivation theories in the industrial and organizational psychology, human resource management, and organizational behavior† (Newcolm, 2011, para. 6). Locke discovered in his research that goals that are detailed and complex lead to better task performance; unlike goals that are informal and imprecise. The leasing agent at South Point Apartment Complex would have thrived if she was given goals she was to accomplish before the day was over. Instead she felt as if she had all the time in the world to finish one goal, therefore nothing would be accomplished by the end of the day. According to Locke there are five principles to goal setting. Goals must have clarity, be challenging, have commitment from the employee, feedback from the supervisor and have task complexity. With this being said the leasing agent would have a challenge put in front of her to accomplish and this would open the lines of communication between her and her employer. â€Å"When goals have clarity the goals are clear, measurable, unambiguous, and specific. Having clear goals results in fewer misunderstandings about what behaviors will be rewarded and what behavior is expected† (Reeve, 2009, para. 8). Using Locke’s Goal setting theory would benefit all employees at South Point Apartments. The apartment manager would be able to set goals for each of the employees from the maintenance man to the make ready lady. This way each employee would be given a goal for the day. Once this goal is accomplished, the manager would then be able to assign another goal. This would keep the employees motivated to do their jobs and not to be slacking off; hiding in the empty apartments. So much more would be accomplished at this apartment complex rather than a game of hide and seek. Putting in place Locke’s goal setting theory would motivate the employees to get the apartments ready to be leased in a reasonable amount of time. Another motivational theory that would be useful at South Point Apartment Complex is the Cognitive Evaluation Theory. â€Å"This theory suggests there are actually two motivation systems: intrinsic and extrinsic† (Motivational Theories, 2009, para. 6). According to this theory intrinsic motivators come from the sense of achievement from doing a job well. The employees would have competence, responsibility, and the sense of achievement when finishing their task at hand. Intrinsically motivated employees work for their own satisfaction and sense of achievement. This theory also involves extrinsic motivation. This stems from the rewards which employees are given to get them to accomplish the task at hand. South Point started offering bonuses to their employees for doing their jobs well. What South Point does not realize is eventually the newness of this reward system will wear off and the employees will start slacking again; at least until better rewards are put into play. Conclusion Employee motivation in the workplace is a valuable tool. Without motivation the company could fail. South Point Apartments describes McGregor’s Theory X to a T. If this apartment complex were to use Locke’s Goal Setting Theory the employees would have more motivation to do their jobs correctly the first time. Many companies do not use motivational strategies with their employees, but it they would; unmotivated employees would be a thing of the past.

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy

Common Numbering Systems Used in Genealogy Have you ever been elated at the discovery of a compiled family history for your ancestors, only to find yourself confused by all of the numbers and what they mean? Family lineages presented in text, rather than in graphical format, require an organizational system to allow the user to easily follow lines down through descendants or back toward the original ancestors. These standard numbering systems are used to show relationships between generations in a family tree. In other words, who is connected to whom. When numbering your genealogy, it is best to adopt a well-established system that is easily interpreted. Even if youre using a genealogy software program to compile your family history, it is still important to understand the differences and formats of the most widely-used numbering systems. If you plan to publish your family history, genealogical quarterlies, magazines and other publications may require a specific format. Or a friend may send you a pedigree chart which uses one of these numbering systems. It isnt necessarily important to learn the ins and outs of every numbering system, but it helps to have at least a general understanding. Common Genealogical Numbering Systems While genealogy numbering systems vary in their organization, they all have in common the practice of identifying individuals and their relationships through a specific numbering sequence. Most numbering systems are used to display descendants of a given ancestor, while one, the ahnentafel, is used to display the ancestors of an individual. Ahnentafel - From a German word meaning ancestor table, an ahnentafel is an ancestor based numbering system. Good for presenting a lot of information in a compact format, and the most popular numbering system for ascending genealogies. Register Numbering System - Based on the numbering system used by the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, the register system is one of several options for numbering descendant reports. NGSQ Numbering System - Sometimes referred to as the Modified Register System from which it was adapted and modernized, this popular descendant numbering system is used in the National Genealogical Society Quarterly and in many other family history publications. Henry Numbering System - Yet another descendant numbering system, the Henry System is named after Reginald Buchanan Henry, who used it in his Genealogies of the Families of the Presidents. published in 1935. This system is less often used than the Register and NGSQ systems, and is not accepted for certification projects or by most genealogical publications.

7 Key Grammar Differences Between Spanish and English

7 Key Grammar Differences Between Spanish and English Because Spanish and English are Indo-European languages- the two have a common origin from several thousand years ago from somewhere in Eurasia- they are alike in ways that go beyond their shared Latin-based vocabulary. The structure of Spanish isnt difficult for English speakers to understand when compared with, for example, Japanese or Swahili. Both languages, for example, use the parts of speech in basically the same way. Prepositions (preposiciones) are called that, for instance, because they are pre-positioned before an object. Some other languages have postpositions and circumpositions that are absent in Spanish and English. Even so, there are distinct differences in the grammars of the two languages. Learning them will help you avoid some of the common  learning mistakes. Here are seven major differences that beginning students would do well to learn; all but the last two should be addressed in the first year of Spanish instruction: Placement of Adjectives One of the first differences youre likely to notice is that Spanish descriptive adjectives (those that tell what a thing or being is like) typically come after the noun they modify, while English usually places them before. Thus we would say hotel confortable for comfortable hotel and actor ansioso for anxious actor. Descriptive adjectives in Spanish can come before the noun- but that changes the meaning of the adjective slightly, usually by adding some emotion or subjectivity. For example, while an hombre pobre would be a poor man in the sense of one not having money, a pobre hombre would be a man who is poor in the sense of being pitiful. The two examples above could be restated as confortable hotel and ansioso actor, respectively, but the meaning might be changed in a way that isnt readily translated. The first might emphasize the luxurious nature of the hotel, while the second might suggest a more clinical type of anxiety rather than a simple case of nervousness- the exact differences will vary with the context. The same rule applies in Spanish for adverbs; placing the adverb before the verb gives it a more emotional or subjective meaning. In English, adverbs can often go before or after the verb without affecting the meaning. Gender The differences here are stark: Gender is a key feature of Spanish grammar, but only a few vestiges of gender  remain in English. Basically, all Spanish nouns are masculine or feminine (there also is a less-used neuter gender used with a few pronouns), and adjectives or pronouns must match in gender the nouns they refer to. Even inanimate objects can be referred to as ella (she) or à ©l (he). In English, only people, animals, and a few nouns, such as a ship that can be referred to as she, have gender. Even in those cases, the gender matters only with pronoun use; we use the same adjectives to refer to men and women. (A possible exception is that some writers differentiate between blond and blonde based on gender.) An abundance of Spanish nouns, especially those referring to occupations, also have masculine and feminine forms; for example, a male president is a presidente, while a female president is traditionally called a presidenta. English gendered equivalents are limited to a few roles, such as actor and actress. (Be aware that in modern usage, such gender distinctions are  fading. Today, a female president might be called a presidente, just as actor is now often applied to women.) Conjugation English has a few changes in verb forms, adding -s or -es to indicate third-person singular forms in the present tense, adding -ed or sometimes just -d to indicate the simple past tense, and adding -ing to indicate continuous or progressive verb forms. To further indicate tense, English adds auxiliary verbs such as has, have, did, and will in front of the standard verb form. But Spanish takes a different approach to conjugation: Although it also uses auxiliaries, it extensively modifies verb endings to indicate person, mood, and tense. Even without resorting to auxiliaries, which also are used, most verbs have more than 30 forms in contrast with the three of English. For example, among the forms of hablar (to speak) are hablo (I speak), hablan (they speak), hablars (you will speak), hablarà ­an (they would speak), and hables (subjunctive form of you speak). Mastering these conjugated forms- including irregular forms for most of the common verbs- is a key part of learning Spanish. Need for Subjects In both languages, a complete sentence includes at least a subject and a verb. However, in Spanish it is frequently unnecessary to explicitly state the subject, letting the conjugated verb form indicate  who or what is performing the verbs action. In standard English, this is done only with commands (Sit! and You sit! mean the same thing), but Spanish has no such limitation. For example, in English a verb phrase such as will eat says nothing about who will be doing the eating. But in Spanish, it is possible to say comerà © for I will eat and comern for they will eat, to list just two of the six possibilities. As a result, subject pronouns are retained in Spanish primarily if needed for clarity or emphasis. Word Order Both English and Spanish are SVO languages, those in which the typical statement begins with a subject, followed by a verb and, where applicable, an object of that verb. For example, in the sentence The girl kicked the ball, (La nià ±a pateà ³ el balà ³n), the subject is the girl (la nià ±a), the verb is kicked (pateà ³), and the object is the ball (el balà ³n). Clauses within sentences also usually follow this pattern. In Spanish, it is normal for object pronouns (as opposed to nouns) to come before the verb. And sometimes Spanish speakers will even put the subject noun after the verb. Wed never say something like The book wrote it, even in poetic usage, to refer to Cervantes writing a book but the Spanish equivalent is perfectly acceptable, especially in poetic writing: Lo escribià ³ Cervantes. Such variations from the norm are quite common in longer sentences. For example, a construction such as No recuerdo el momento en que salià ³ Pablo (in order, I dont remember the moment in which left Pablo) is not unusual. Spanish also allows and sometimes requires the use of double negatives, in which a negation must occur both before and after a verb, unlike in English. Attributive Nouns It is extremely common in English for nouns to function as adjectives. Such attributive nouns come before the words they modify. Thus in these phrases, the first word is an attributive noun: clothes closet, coffee cup, business office, light fixture. But with rare exceptions, nouns cant be so flexibly used in Spanish. The equivalent of such phrases is usually formed by using a preposition such as de or para: armario de ropa, taza para cafà ©, oficina de negocios, dispositivo de iluminacià ³n. In some cases, this is accomplished by Spanish having adjectival forms that dont exist in English. For example, informtico can be the equivalent of computer as an adjective, so a computer table is a mesa informtica. Subjunctive Mood Both English and Spanish use the subjunctive mood, a type of verb used in certain situations where the verbs action isnt necessarily factual. However, English speakers seldom use the subjunctive, which is necessary for all but basic conversation in Spanish. An instance of the subjunctive can be found in a simple sentence such as Espero que duerma, I hope she is sleeping. The normal verb form for is sleeping would be duerme, as in the sentence Sà © que duerme, I know she is sleeping. Note how Spanish uses different forms in these sentences even though English does not. Almost always, if an English sentence uses the subjunctive, so will its Spanish equivalent. Study in I insist that she study is in the subjunctive mood (the regular or indicative form she studies isnt used here), as is estudie in Insisto que estudie. Key Takeaways Spanish and English are structurally similar because they have common origin in the long-gone Indo-European language.Word order is less fixed in Spanish than it is in English. Some adjectives can come before or after a noun, verbs more often can become the nouns they apply to, and many subjects can be omitted altogether.Spanish has a much more frequent use of the subjunctive mood than English does.